Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society (WOCN) Practice Exam

What is the primary cause of lower extremity venous disease (LEVD)?

1. Deep vein thrombosis

2. Valvular incompetence

3. Arterial blockage

4. Capillary leak syndrome

The correct answer is: Valvular incompetence

Valvular incompetence is recognized as the primary cause of lower extremity venous disease (LEVD). This condition occurs when the valves in the veins, which normally prevent the backward flow of blood, become damaged or dysfunctional. When these valves fail to close properly, blood can pool in the veins, leading to increased venous pressure, which is a hallmark of LEVD. This pooling of blood can contribute to symptoms such as swelling, pain, varicosities, and can lead to more severe complications like chronic venous insufficiency. It is a chronic condition often related to factors such as age, obesity, and standing occupations that increase venous pressure over time, making it a common issue in the general population. In contrast, while deep vein thrombosis can contribute to venous issues, it is not the primary underlying cause of chronic lower extremity venous disease. Similarly, arterial blockage primarily affects the arterial system, resulting in different symptoms related to insufficient blood flow to the legs, and capillary leak syndrome, though serious, does not specifically lead to LEVD in the same manner as valvular incompetence does.